• The specific functions of ERs

  2024-11-12

  

  The specific functions of ERs and AR underline their crucial roles during different phases of spermatogenesis. Their deregulation could affect numerous downstream targets, thereby, disrupting spermatogenesis and male fertility. Various studies have shown that estrogen-like chemicals in the environme

• Intriguingly androgens may also have an indirect effect

  2024-11-12

  

  Intriguingly androgens may also have an indirect effect on AR gene expression through inhibition of the GATA2 transcription factor gene (He et al., 2014) (Table 1). Using ChIP-seq, GATA2 was found to bind to a regulatory element 5.5 kb upstream of the TSS of the AR gene and enhanced transcription, w

• Introduction Alzheimer s disease AD is

  2024-11-12

  

  Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by a progressive dementia resulting from synapse failure (Selkoe, 2002, Tanzi, 2005). The amyloid hypothesis maintains that the pivotal event in AD is the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides following the prote

• br The lipoxygenase pathway and microvascular complications

  2024-11-12

  

  The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway and microvascular complications of diabetes The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway in adipose tissue Only recently has adipose tissue been recognized as a highly metabolically active endocrine organ imparting profound local and systemic inflammatory effects. Adipose tiss

• AHR mediated MMP upregulation has

  2024-11-12

  

  AHR-mediated MMP1 upregulation has been shown in response to tobacco smoke [32]. Tobacco smoke contains various AHR ligands such as benzo[a]pyrene. Both benzo[a]pyrene [15] and FICZ [13] are high-affinity ligands for AHR and upregulate CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. FICZ is rapidly degraded by CYP1A1 [20], [33]

• br Conflict of interest statement br Acknowledgements

  2024-11-12

  

  Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgements We are very grateful to Maura Agate for her excellent editorial assistance. The work reported in this article was supported largely by the Italian MIUR. Introduction Atenolol is a selective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker that is orally effect

• The results also showed that the A receptor

  2024-11-12

  

  The results also showed that the A3 receptor agonist increased the phosphorylated levels of Akt, leading to activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. A3 b 35 stimulation has protective effects against RGC death following ischemia-reperfusion, glutamate toxicity, and optic nerve transection models (Galvao

• The AR signalling pathways play

  2024-11-12

  

  The AR signalling pathways play important roles in several physiopathological processes associated with ischaemia, inflammation, and tumourigenesis [35]. Moreover, A3AR is overexpressed in different tumour Flubendazole and seems implicated in pro- or anti-apoptotic effects [36]. In particular, activ

• Adenosine receptors activate a number

  2024-11-12

  

  Adenosine receptors activate a number of signalling pathways involved in tissue survival including several mitogen-activated protein kinases (Fredholm et al., 2001). The common feature of all adenosine receptors is the positive coupling to ERK1/2, whilst A2B and A3 receptors can also activate the st

• G actin has a molecular weight of

  2024-11-12

  

  G-actin has a molecular weight of 42 kD and dimensions about 55 × 55 × 35 Å3. It consists of 375 amino acids arranged into two individual domains (Alberts et al., 2014). A central cleft bisects the protein into two aforementioned domains which surround a deep cleft containing ATP or ADP and a tightl

• Brain damage diseases such as cerebral ischemia brain

  2024-11-11

  

  Brain damage diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, brain trauma and infection are characterized by the increase in oxygen free radicals. Therefore, deeper understanding of the character and mechanism of free radical damage in the brain is important to ultimately relieve diseases and promote recovery

• br Viral manipulation of host

  2024-11-11

  

  Viral manipulation of host factors to oppose anti-viral autophagy To escape or manipulate autophagy, some viruses developed strategies that are based on the recruitment of host-cell endogenous factors. The non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus adenovirus is rapidly endocytosed after attachment.

• A contribution of V ATPase subunits specifically

  2024-11-11

  

  A contribution of V-ATPase subunits specifically to phagosome-lysosome fusion was uncovered by Peri and Nüsslein-Volhard who described that depletion of the VO subunit a1 in zebrafish interferes with phagosome maturation in microglial Iohexol receptor (Peri and Nusslein-Volhard, 2008). However, los

• br Conclusion In conclusion the arginase from P aeruginosa

  2024-11-11

  

  Conclusion In conclusion, the arginase from P. aeruginosa IH2 was purified with electrophoretic homogeneity. Purified enzyme was homo-dimer and showed significant activity and catalytic stability near to the pH of circulating system and temperature of human body. The prolonged serum and proteolyt

• Phenolic compounds show reciprocal relationship with colonic

  2024-11-11

  

  Phenolic compounds show reciprocal relationship with colonic microflora. Phenolic compounds are able to improve colonic health and modulate microbiota diversity with prebiotic and antimicrobial functions, while colonic bacterial enzymes catalyze deconjugation, dehydroxylation, and convert phenolic c

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