• The GLU Epac transgenic mouse

  2022-06-28

  

  The GLU-Epac transgenic mouse enabled us to monitor cAMP responses to GPR119 ligands in individual primary cultured L-cells. Not all L-cells were found to be responsive to AR231453, suggesting there may be a subpopulation of L-cells that do not express functional GPR119. There was a tendency for sma

• br Author contributions br Acknowledgements The work was fin

  2022-06-28

  

  Author contributions Acknowledgements The work was financially supported by a grant from the Investigator-Initiated Studies Program (Ref. #38124) from Merck Sharp & Dohme, and, in part, from Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Ref. No.: 14110314), awa

• Mapping and separation of the anti GlyT C

  2022-06-28

  

  Mapping and separation of the anti-GlyT1C epitopes allowed us to verify the existence of calpain cleavage sites in isolated mouse synaptosomes. In order to allow calcium to enter the intrasynaptosomal compartment and activate endogenous calpain, we incubated synaptosomes in hypoosmotic high (200μM)

• To maintain low Glu concentrations in the synaptic cleft

  2022-06-28

  

  To maintain low Glu concentrations in the synaptic cleft below the affinity of its receptors, this amino SCR7 is rapidly removed from the extracellular space by a family of sodium-dependent high-affinity transport systems located mainly in the plasma membrane of perisynaptic astrocytes, and in to a

• NMDARs are glutamate gated ionotropic receptors that are inv

  2022-06-27

  

  NMDARs are glutamate-gated ionotropic receptors that are involved in excitatory neurotransmission and plasticity (Traynelis et al., 2010). There have been several reports showing that neurosteroids acting as negative modulators of NMDARs exert neuroprotective activity in both in vitro and in vivo mo

• ampk pathway An advantage of photolabeling with tritiated ph

  2022-06-27

  

  An advantage of photolabeling with tritiated photoprobes followed by microsequencing with Edman degradation is the ability to both identify the photolabeled ampk pathway and to quantify photoincorporation which enables assessment of pharmacological specificity and allosteric interactions with other

• Activation of FXR or TGR has overlapping but also

  2022-06-27

  

  Activation of FXR or TGR5 has overlapping but also differing effects on metabolic regulation and inflammation [1]. In this report, we demonstrate that in addition to preventing the progression of obesity, NAFLD, and atherosclerosis, activation of BA receptors can also promote regression of these com

• Receptor activator of NF B ligand

  2022-06-27

  

  Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulate the generation of osteoclast Endomorphin-1 mg [10], [11], [12], [13]. In response to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, osteoclasts then attach to regions of bone undergoing resorption [14].

• Previous study demonstrated that Hcy elevated organ culture

  2022-06-27

  

  Previous study demonstrated that Hcy elevated organ culture-induced up-regulation of ETB receptor in VSMCs (Chen et al., 2016a; Chen et al., 2016b). Many signaling pathways were involved in Hcy-induced up-regulation of ETB receptor in VSMCs, such as ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathway, Sirt1/NF-κB signal

• A small number of patients

  2022-06-27

  

  A small number of patients (11%) had accessory integrase mutations (E157Q, G163R, L74IM, and/or V151I) that confer potential or low-level resistance and generally only when they occur in combination with other high/intermediate level resistance mutations. This is a somewhat higher incidence than tha

• br Methods The study was a cross sectional ecological

  2022-06-27

  

  Methods The study was a cross-sectional, ecological analysis of country-reported HIV expenditures. We obtained the most recent available and validated data on annual country-reported HIV expenditures in SSA countries between 2012 and 2017 from the UNAIDS (http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/). Many countr

• Describing histone acetylation machinery in rivulus will pro

  2022-06-27

  

  Describing histone acetylation machinery in rivulus will provide a basis for understanding the role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating phenotypic variation, by guiding both phenotypic flexibility in adults and developmental plasticity in young. Together with its biological characteristics, rivulu

• br Hh Proteins at a Glance Hh family

  2022-06-27

  

  Hh Proteins at a Glance Hh family proteins are evolutionarily conserved morphogens that provide cells with positional information and fate instruction during early embryonic development. After development, Hh ligands contribute to tissue homeostasis and wound healing 1., 2.. Consistent with these

• In diseased blood vessels increased production of reactive o

  2022-06-27

  

  In diseased blood vessels, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as peroxynitrite, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide, have been found [[53], [54], [55]]. Peroxynitrite was suggested to alter the redox state of sGC [53] while hydrogen peroxide interfered with the action of NO bu

• br S Nitrosoglutathione reductase GSNOR also identified

  2022-06-27

  

  S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) also identified as glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH), is a zinc-dependent dehydrogenase. It is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family and is called class III alcohol dehydrogenase that regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (

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